What is the primary mathematical function underlying many AI neural networks?

Which mathematical concept is crucial for understanding backpropagation in neural networks?

What type of mathematical space is often used to represent word embeddings in natural language processing?

Which algorithm uses mathematical concepts like gradient descent for optimization?

What mathematical structure is used to represent relationships and dependencies in Bayesian networks?

Which mathematical measure is used to evaluate the performance of a classification model by considering true positives, true negatives, false positives, and false negatives?

What mathematical concept is used in dimensionality reduction techniques like PCA to find the principal components?

Which mathematical distribution is commonly used to model the probability of events in a Poisson process, often used in queuing theory and reliability analysis?

What is the mathematical foundation of Hidden Markov Models (HMMs) that are commonly used in speech recognition and bioinformatics?

Which type of mathematical optimization is often used in reinforcement learning to find the optimal policy?